Cardiac Abnormalities | Ventricular Septal Defect and Patent Ductus Arteriosus

These are abnormalities of the heart or great vessel present. Cardiac abnormalities occur due to faults in embryogenesis. They can occur due to different reasons such as environmental exposure such as viruses known as rubella, teratogens, or maternal diabetes.

▬ ???? Cardiac Abnormality Types
These are abnormalities of the heart or great vessel present. The major groups in which cardiac abnormalities are classified:
???? Patent Foramen Ovale
???? Atrial Septal Defect
???? Ventricular Septal Defect
???? Patent Ductus Arteriosus
???? Tetralogy of Fallot
???? Great Arteries Transposition
???? Coarctation of Aorta

???? Patent Foramen Ovale
Patent Foramen Ovale is a medical condition that refers to a small hole or flap-like opening between the two upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria. During fetal development, this opening, called the foramen ovale, allows blood to bypass the lungs since the fetus receives oxygen from the mother's placenta.

Normally, after birth, the foramen ovale closes and seals off shortly after the first breath. However, in some individuals, the foramen ovale remains partially or completely open, which is known as a patent foramen ovale.

???? Atrial Septal Defect
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the atrial septum, which is the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart, the right atrium, and the left atrium. This opening allows blood to flow between the atria, which can lead to various complications.

???? Ventricular Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a common congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum, the wall that separates the two lower chambers of the heart, the left ventricle, and the right ventricle. This opening allows blood to flow between the ventricles, leading to various complications.

???? Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart defect characterized by the persistence of a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta.

During fetal development, the ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the lungs, as the fetus receives oxygen from the placenta. Normally, the ductus arteriosus closes shortly after birth.

???? Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a complex congenital heart defect characterized by a combination of four specific abnormalities in the structure of the heart. These abnormalities include:
???? Pulmonary stenosis
???? Overriding aorta
???? Right ventricular hypertrophy
???? Ventricular septal defect

???? Great Arteries Transposition
Great Arteries Transposition, also known as Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA), is a congenital heart defect where the two main arteries that carry blood out of the heart, the pulmonary artery and the aorta, are switched in position.

In TGA, the aorta arises from the right ventricle, which carries oxygen-poor blood, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, which carries oxygen-rich blood. Two great arteries are:
???? Aorta
???? Pulmonary Trunk

???? Coarctation of Aorta
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital heart defect characterized by a narrowing or constriction in the aorta, which is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

This narrowing restricts blood flow and can lead to various complications.

▬ ???? Cardiac Abnormalities Pathogenesis
Cardiac abnormalities occur due to faults in embryogenesis.

▬ ???? Cardiac Abnormalities Etiology
The etiology of cardiac abnormalities are:
⚫️ Virus
⚫️ Teratogens
⚫️ Maternal Diabetes

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