5. Anti- Anginal Drugs: Beta Blockers: CVS Pharmacology

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7. Anti- Anginal Drugs: Beta Blockers: CVS Pharmacology
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Beta-blockers are essential anti-anginal drugs that work by blocking β-adrenergic receptors, reducing myocardial oxygen demand, and improving cardiac efficiency, making them highly effective in the treatment of stable angina, hypertension, and post-myocardial infarction (MI) management ????????. These drugs, including propranolol (non-selective), metoprolol, atenolol (β1-selective), and carvedilol (β1, β2, and α1 blocker), decrease heart rate (negative chronotropy), myocardial contractility (negative inotropy), and blood pressure, reducing oxygen consumption by the heart ????????. By prolonging diastole, beta-blockers enhance coronary perfusion, improving blood supply to ischemic myocardium while preventing reflex tachycardia, which is often seen with nitrates and calcium channel blockers ⏳????. They are particularly beneficial in chronic stable angina but are not recommended in vasospastic (Prinzmetal’s) angina, as unopposed α-mediated vasoconstriction can worsen symptoms ????????. Cardioselective β1-blockers (metoprolol, atenolol) are preferred in patients with asthma, COPD, and diabetes, as they have minimal effects on β2 receptors (bronchial and vascular smooth muscle) ????????. Side effects include bradycardia, fatigue, dizziness, erectile dysfunction, and potential masking of hypoglycemia in diabetics, necessitating cautious use in at-risk patients ⚠️????. Contraindications include acute heart failure, severe bradycardia, heart block, and asthma (for non-selective beta-blockers) ????????. Unlike nitrates, beta-blockers do not cause tolerance and are often combined with nitrates or calcium channel blockers for optimal angina control ????????. By reducing sudden cardiac death and improving long-term survival, beta-blockers play a crucial role in angina management, post-MI care, and heart failure treatment, making them indispensable in cardiovascular pharmacology ????❤️.


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